Home > VI International Strawberry Symposium > EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE ESSENTIAL OIL ON GNOMONIA COMARI CONTROL AND STRAWBERRY FRUIT PRODUCTION UNDER ORGANIC SYSTEM

Articles

EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE ESSENTIAL OIL ON GNOMONIA COMARI CONTROL AND STRAWBERRY FRUIT PRODUCTION UNDER ORGANIC SYSTEM

Article number

842_76

Pages

393 – 396

Language

English

Abstract

The strawberry crop is host of several pathogens and pests.
The Gnomonia leaf spot (Gnomonia comari) is an emergent disease that has been occurring and limiting the production of this small fruit in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.
However, there is no information about any efficient control method of this disease and also, no resistant strawberry cultivar available to organic production systems.
Therefore, an experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the chamomile oil (Matricaria chamomiilla) on the control of G. comari and on yield of six strawberry cultivars (Camarosa, Galexia, Earlibrite, Festival, Plarionfre and Sabrosa). The work was conducted at the Embrapa Temperate Climate Research Center, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil.
Sixty days after the planting, the strawberries were sprayed weekly with chamomile oil at 500 ppm during 40 days.
After appearing the first symptoms, the disease severity (%) of Gnomonia and some parameters which one related to fruit production were evaluated.
After appearance of the first symptoms, the disease severity (%) of Gnomonia and some parameters related to fruit production were evaluated.
Based on the severity values, the area under disease progress curve (Audpc) was calculated for each material tested.
Thereafter, the Audpc and fruit yield data were submitted to Anova and Duncan test at 5%. It was verified that the disease severity was reduced in the Festival, Galexia and Sabrosa cultivars when plants were sprayed with chamomile oil.
Although the use of chamomile oil has not affected fruit yield, Camarosa and Galexia showed the highest yield and Plarionfre was the lowest yielder and the most susceptible to leaf spot of Gnomonia, independently of the application of chamomile essential oil.

Publication

VI International Strawberry Symposium

Authors

N.C. Ristow, V. Krolow Bosenbecker, C. Bauer Gomes, L.E.C. Antunes

Keywords

Matricaria chamomiilla, alternative control, essential oil, pathogens, yield

Full text

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.842.76

Online Articles (226)

1. STRAWBERRY BIOGEOGRAPHY, GENETICS AND SYSTEMATICS

G. Staudt

2. EVALUATION OF WOOD STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA VESCA) PRODUCTIVITY

N. Preeda | T. Yanagi | N. Okuda

3. INFLUENCE OF THE GENOTYPE, TYPE OF PLANT AND POPULATION DENSITY ON STRAWBERRY PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY UNDER MACROTUNNEL

P.A. Dávalos-González | J. Narro-Sánchez | A.E. Jofre-Garfias | A.R. Hernández Razo | M.N. Vázquez-Sánchez

4. A STRAWBERRY CROP CAN ACHIEVE STANDARD YIELDS WITHOUT FERTILIZATION IN THE ESTABLISHMENT YEAR

M.I. González | A. Acuña

5. EFFECT OF PLANT POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN TWO STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS

M.I. González | A. Acuña

6. YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY UNDER A LOW-COST PLASTIC HOUSE IN TROPICAL CLIMATE

P. Tongtraibhop | T. Thongthieng | C. Nuengchaknin | C. Pitakpittaya

7. FORCING CULTURE OF STRAWBERRY IN JAPAN – PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND CULTIVARS

8. UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENT MULCHING TYPES IN STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION

L.M.F. Castañeda | L.E.C. Antunes | N.C. Ristow | S. Carpenedo

9. THE INFLUENCE OF GROWING SYSTEM ON CROPPING POTENTIAL OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR ‘CLERY’ GROWN IN PLASTIC TUNNEL

J. Milivojević | M. Nikolić | D. Đurović

10. EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION AND FRUIT FIRMNESS UNDER SMALL AND LARGE PLASTIC TUNNELS IN ANNUAL CROP SYSTEM

C. Soria | J.M. López-Aranda | J.J. Medina | L. Miranda | F.J. Domínguez

11. OPTIMIZATION OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH. ‘CHANDLER’) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH (INDIA)

S. Kumar Yadav | R. Prasad | U.U. Khokhar

12. COMPARING FRIGO AND FRESH PLANTS IN NON-FUMIGATED AND HEAVY SOIL: THE RESPONSE OF 10 STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES

F. Capocasa | M. Bordi | B. Mezzetti

13. QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF STRAWBERRY TRAY PLANTS IN HIGH LATITUDE CONDITIONS

S.T. Karhu

14. EFFECT OF PLASTIC MULCHES ON MICROCLIMATE CONDITIONS, GROWTH AND YIELDS OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS GROWN UNDER HIGH TUNNELS IN NORTHERN CANADIAN CLIMATE

15. EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING MICROORGANISMS ON THE GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY

16. SEASONAL CHANGES IN LEAF MINERAL CONTENT MAY AFFECT FOLIAR DIAGNOSTIC IN STRAWBERRY

17. EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY ON GROWTH OF EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY PLANTS

M. Nishiyama | K. Kanahama

18. EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATES ON STRAWBERRY PLUG PLANT PERFORMANCE IN SICILY

G. Caracciolo | A. Moncada | C. Prinzivalli | F. D'Anna

19. THE ABSENCE OF UV-RADIATION DELAYS THE STRAWBERRY RIPENING BUT INCREASES THE FINAL PRODUCTIVITY, NOT ALTERING THE MAIN FRUIT NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES

C. Casal | C. Vílchez | E. Forján | B.A. de la Morena

20. STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION WITH PROTECTED CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

O. Daugovish | K.D. Larson

21. WATER POTENTIAL CHANGE IN THE BEDS OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVATED UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF MULCHING

22. OPTIMIZING STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION AND FRUIT QUALITY WITH USE OF PROTECTED CULTURE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

K.D. Larson | O. Daugovish | D.V. Shaw

23. INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS ON FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD OF STRAWBERRY CVS. ‘MAEHYANG’ AND ‘SEOLHYANG’

24. STRAWBERRY CROP UNDER PLASTIC FILMS THAT ATTENUATE UV AND/OR PAR AND/OR INFRARED (IR) RADIATIONS: PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY

E. Forján | C. Vílchez | C. Casal | A.C. Gálvez | B.A. de la Morena

25. DIAGNOSIS AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF STRAWBERRY VIRUSES IN CHINA

26. METHODS FOR DETECTION OF SOILBORNE PATHOGENS AFFECTING STRAWBERRY IN ISRAEL

A. Zveibil | S. Freeman

27. CHARACTERIZATION OF COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM, THE CAUSAL SPECIES OF ANTHRACNOSE OF STRAWBERRY AND OTHER HOSTS IN BULGARIA

M. Maymon | Z.J. Jelev | S.G. Bobev | D. Minz | S. Freeman

28. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCE OF ROS DURING NITROGEN DEPRIVATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM INFECTING STRAWBERRY

29. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PATHOGENICITY OF VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB. POPULATIONS IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS OF THE CULTIVAR ‘ELSANTA’

P. Schubert | J. Golldack | H. Schwärzel | P. Lentzsch

30. CONTROL OF DIFFICULT WEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION

O. Daugovish | M. Mochizuki | S. Fennimore

31. EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE OF SEVERAL STRAWBERRY SELECTIONS AGAINST MAIN FUNGAL PATHOGENS

32. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN SOIL-BORNE DISEASES IN STRAWBERRY NURSERIES

33. EVALUATING INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ADULT LYGUS BUGS (MIRIDAE: HEMIPTERA) IN CALIFORNIA STRAWBERRIES

P.B. Thompson | F.G. Zalom | M.P. Bolda

34. DEVELOPMENT OF REALTIME ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF STRAWBERRY CRINKLE VIRUS

S. Botti | M. Cardoni

35. VERTICILLIUM RESISTANCE IN ASIAN FRAGARIA SPECIES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

K. Olbricht | G. Staudt | P. Becker | I. Szankowski

36. CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTION AND COLONIZATION OF STRAWBERRY CROWNS BY COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM

37. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM ON THE SEVERITY OF STRAWBERRY ANTHRACNOSE CROWN ROT

B.J. Smith

38. EFFECT OF CONIFEROUS NEEDLE PRODUCTS ON STRAWBERRY PLANT DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY AND SPREADING OF PESTS AND DISEASES

V. Laugale | M. Daugavietis

39. CYCLAMEN MITE, PHYTONEMUS PALLIDUS (BANKS), AND OTHER TARSONEMID MITES IN STRAWBERRIES

F.G. Zalom | P.B. Thompson | N. Nicola

40. DESIGNING STRATEGIES TO CONTROL GREY MOULD IN STRAWBERRY CULTIVATION USING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

A. Evenhuis | J.A.M. Wilms

41. GNOMONIA COMARI ON STRAWBERRY: PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CONTROL STRATEGY IN THE NORTH OF ITALY

L. Antoniacci | E. De Paoli | C. Montuschi | G. Ceredi | S. Gengotti

42. EVALUATION OF AN EMPIRICAL QUALITATIVE MODEL FOR THE CONTROL OF STRAWBERRY POWDERY MILDEW AT SOUTH-WESTERN SPAIN

C. Blanco | F. Romero | B. De los Santos

43. EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE TO COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS COMING FROM THE STRAWBERRY GERMPLASM COLLECTION LOCATED AT CENTRO IFAPA MÁLAGA (SPAIN)

44. DETECTION OF STRAWBERRY PATHOGENS BY REAL-TIME PCR

45. IN VITRO SUPPRESSION OF PHYTOPHTHORA CACTORUM AND VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE POTENTIAL STRAWBERRY PATHOGENS BY BRASSICA TISSUES

C. Zurera | E. Romero | M. Porras | C. Barrau | F. Romero

46. INFLUENCE OF HEAT SPREAD SYSTEM ON MALFORMATION OF ‘ELSANTA’ STRAWBERRIES IN SPRING

E.M. Desmet | L. Verbraeken | W. Baets

47. SENSITIVITY SCREENING OF COMMONLY GROWN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS TOWARDS ANGULAR LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY XANTHOMONAS FRAGARIAE

E.M. Desmet | M. Maes | J. Van Vaerenbergh | L. Verbraeken | W. Baets

48. IDENTIFICATION OF COLLETOTRICHUM SPECIES RESPONSIBLE OF ANTHRACNOSE IN SOUTH-WESTERN SPAIN BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION TECHNIQUE (PCR)

49. METHODS USED IN FRANCE TO STUDY STRAWBERRY POWDERY MILDEW IN LABORATORY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

50. RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NPK ON STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION

N.C. Ristow | S. Carpenedo | R. Trevisan | L.E.C. Antunes | C.J. da Silva Freire

51. RESPONSE OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS: ‘CAMAROSA’, ‘CANDONGA’ AND ‘VENTANA’ TO INOCULATION WITH ISOLATES OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA

52. EVALUATION OF CAY-1, AN EXPERIMENTAL, NATURAL FUNGICIDE, FOR CONTROL OF STRAWBERRY PATHOGENS

53. CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM ON STRAWBERRIES IN NORTH ITALY

54. FIRST REPORT OF STRAWBERRY MILD YELLOW EDGE VIRUS IN ARGENTINA

55. COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM: SURVIVAL IN PLANT DEBRIS AND INFECTION OF SOME WEEDS AND CULTIVATED PLANTS

P. Parikka | A. Lemmetty

56. SCREENING PLANT RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA CACTORUM WITH THE DIPPING TEST

P. Parikka

57. ANIMAL PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE AS A BIOSTIMULANT FOR TRANSPLANTED STRAWBERRY PLANTS SUBJECTED TO COLD STRESS

O. Marfà | R. Cáceres | J. Polo | J. Ródenas

58. DETECTION OF STRAWBERRY VIRUSES IN EGYPT

59. ESTABLISHMENT OF PHYTOSANITARY PROCEDURES AT THE IFAPA STRAWBERRY GERMPLASM COLLECTION

60. TEN YEARS OF FIELD TRIALS ON GREY MOLD CONTROL ON STRAWBERRIES

61. RESPONSE OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE POPULATIONS TO PROGRAMS OF ABAMECTIN, BIFENAZATE, HEXYTHIAZOX, SPIROMESIFEN, AND AN ESSENTIAL OIL OF CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES MITICIDES IN FLORIDA STRAWBERRY CROPS

J.F. Price | C.A. Nagle

62. COMPARISON OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS AND DISEASES OCCURRENCE OF STRAWBERRY IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM IN JEOLLANAM-DO PROVINCE OF KOREA

63. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OPTIMUM MOMENTS FOR TREATMENTS APPLYING AGAINST THE CELYPHA LACUNANA DEN. ET SCHIFF IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF DÂMBOVIŢA COUNTY

A.C. Cosac | L.B. Frăsin

64. THE EFFICACY OF SOME INSECTICIDE PRODUCTS IN THE CONTROL OF APHELIA VIBURNIANA FABR. (TORTRICIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA) PEST AND THEIR SELECTIVITY AGAINST THE USEFUL FAUNA IN DÂMBOVIŢA COUNTY – ROMANIA

L.B. Frăsin | A.C. Cosac

65. INFLUENCE OF SPRING FROST AND BLOSSOM WEEVIL DAMAGE ON STRAWBERRY YIELD FORMATION

A. Kikas | A. Libek | H. Kaldmäe | L. Arus

66. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ANTHRACNOSE WITH TRICHODERMA IN STRAWBERRY FIELDS

M. Porras | C. Barrau | F. Romero

67. RULE BASED PREDICTION SYSTEM TO OPTIMIZE FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF PODOSPHAERA APHANIS

J. Dodgson | A. Hall | S. Parker

68. UV-B RADIATION FOR CONTROL OF STRAWBERRY POWDERY MILDEW

T. Kanto | K. Matsuura | M. Yamada | T. Usami | Y. Amemiya

69. BIOCONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES: PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF NOVEL ELICITORS INDUCING PLANT DEFENSE RESPONSE

J. Soliveri | M. Arenas | J.L. Copa-Patiño | J.L. Caballero | J. Muñoz-Blanco

70. POSSIBILITIES OF STRAWBERRY COMPLEX PROTECTION AGAINST FUNGAL DISEASES AND TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE USING STROBILURIN FUNGICIDES

B. Meszka | B. Łabanowska | A. Bielenin

71. EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN LATVIA

V. Laugale | A. Bite

72. MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF ORGANIC STRAWBERRY FRUIT

P. Parikka | P. Kivijärvi | S. Prokkola | R. Kemppainen

73. THE INFLUENCE OF BIOFUMIGATION ON MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND GROWTH OF STRAWBERRIES

D. Koron

74. STRAWBERRY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION FROM ORGANIC NUTRIENT SOURCES

M. Gaskell | M.P. Bolda | J. Muramoto | O. Daugovish

75. INFLUENCE OF TRICHODERMA AND SOIL SOLARIZATION ON STRAWBERRY YIELD

M. Porras | C. Barrau | F. Romero

76. EFFECT OF CHAMOMILE ESSENTIAL OIL ON GNOMONIA COMARI CONTROL AND STRAWBERRY FRUIT PRODUCTION UNDER ORGANIC SYSTEM

N.C. Ristow | V. Krolow Bosenbecker | C. Bauer Gomes | L.E.C. Antunes

77. ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF STRAWBERRY IN TAIWAN

J.C. Shih | T.F. Hsieh | C.C. Ho

78. A NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR ‘SHENMEI 3#’

Qing-Hua Gao | Zheng-wen Ye | Hong-qing Zheng | Xue-ying Zhang

79. SELECTIVE BREEDING RESEARCH OF NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS ‘SHIMEI 5’

Li Yang | Li Li | Lei Yang | Baochun Hao | Fengjie Chu

80. STRAWBERRY BREEDING IN URUGUAY

81. STUDIES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF WILD STRAWBERRY SPECIES DISTRIBUTED IN CHINA AND THEIR UTILIZATION BY INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION

Jia-jun Lei | Han-ping Dai | Xiao-ying Bi | Ming-qin Deng

82. DIVERSITY AND STABILITY OF VOLATILE METABOLITES IN A MODEL POPULATION OF FRAGARIA ×ANANASSA DUCH.

K. Olbricht | C. Grafe | D. Ulrich | E. Hoberg | G. Staudt

83. HABITAT OF WILD DIPLOID STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN JAPAN

T. Yanagi | P. Nathewet | N. Okuda | K. Sone

84. MORPHOLOGICAL AND POLYPLOIDY VARIATION OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS OBTAINED BY CROSS POLLINATION OF FRAGARIA VESCA AND F. × ANANASSA

T. Yanagi | M. Matsumura | P. Nathewet | N. Okuda | K. Sone

85. THE INOTALIS BREEDING PROGRAM (PLANASA AND DARBONNE) – NEW TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN STRAWBERRY PLANT BREEDING

86. STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES SELECTION FOR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT SIZE

P.A. Dávalos-González | J. Narro-Sánchez | A.E. Jofre-Garfias | A.R. Hernández Razo | M.N. Vázquez-Sánchez

87. CULTIVARS DEVELOPED IN THE STRAWBERRY BREEDING PROGRAM OF FRESAS NUEVOS MATERIALES S.A.

A. Refoyo | J.M. Arenas

88. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO COLLETOTRICHUM SPP. IN THE SOUTH OF SPAIN

A. Refoyo | J.M. Arenas | S. Castillo | M. Avilés

89. THE POSSIBILITY OF USING DECAPLOID INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA × F. NILGERRENSIS) AS A PARENT FOR A NEW STRAWBERRY

Y. Noguchi | T. Muro | M. Morishita

90. INHERITANCE OF FRUIT CLUSTER CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH SIZE AND UNIFORMITY OF FRUIT

91. JUDGMENT INDEX AND INHERITANCE OF CHILLING REQUIREMENT TO BREAK DORMANCY IN STRAWBERRY

M. Okimura | K. Sone | E. Kitadani | I. Igarashi

92. IDENTIFICATION OF FLOWERING RELATED CANDIDATE GENES FROM FRAGARIA VESCA USING EST SEQUENCING

K. Mouhu | T. Hytönen | P. Elomaa

93. ENGINEERING STRAWBERRY ANTHOCYANIN LEVELS BY TRANSFORMATION WITH LATE FLAVONOID PATHWAY GENES

E. Montironi | E. Costantini | B. Mezzetti | F. Mourgues | C. Rosati

94. STRAWBERRY BREEDING PROGRAM AT MARCHE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

F. Capocasa | J. Diamanti | S. Pierini | B. Mezzetti

95. COMBINING QUALITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ATTRIBUTES IN THE STRAWBERRY: THE ROLE OF GENOTYPE

J. Diamanti | F. Capocasa | B. Mezzetti | M. Battino

96. PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF STRAWBERRY BREEDING AND CROPPING TYPE IN NORTHERN JAPAN

97. FRAGARIA ITURUPENSIS: A NEW SOURCE FOR STRAWBERRY IMPROVEMENT?

G. Staudt | S. Schneider | P. Scheewe | D. Ulrich | K. Olbricht

98. CULTIVAR DIFFERENCES IN TOLERANCE TO DAMAGE BY RAINFALL

M.E. Herrington | L. Woolcock | M. Wegener | M. Dieters | J. Moisander

99. CURRENT SITUATION OF THE SPANISH PUBLIC STRAWBERRY BREEDING PROGRAM

100. DRY MATTER IN FRAGARIA FRUIT: A NEW BREEDING GOAL

M.D. Vitten | K. Olbricht | F. Tiedke

101. PROTOPLAST ELECTRO-FUSION TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR SOMATIC HYBRIDISATION BETWEEN STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES

P. Geerts | A. Henneguez | P. Druart | B. Watillon

102. STRAWBERRY BREEDING IN NORWAY: PROGRESS AND FUTURE

M. Alsheikh | R. Sween | A. Nes | M. Gullord

103. DEVELOPING A BREEDING STRATEGY FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN PROGRAMMED CROPPING SYSTEMS

A.B. Whitehouse | A.J. Passey | D.W. Simpson

104. DEVELOPMENT OF STRAWBERRY BREEDING LINES WITH EXTENDED DORMANCY

A.W. Johnson | D.W. Simpson

105. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF FRUIT FLAVOR FROM WILD FRAGARIA INTO COMMERCIAL STRAWBERRY

M. Coman | A.N. Popescu

106. CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

107. ‘SUVETAR’ AND ‘VALOTAR’ – NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS FROM MTT BREEDING PROGRAMME

T. Hietaranta | P. Parikka

108. A BREEDING STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING RESISTANCE TO STRAWBERRY BLACK SPOT (COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM) IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

D.W. Simpson | K.J. Hammond

109. SIX NEW STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS FROM EAST MALLING RESEARCH

D.W. Simpson | K.J. Hammond | A.W. Johnson | A.J. Passey | A.B. Whitehouse

110. GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.) WITH COLD-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CBF1

W.M. Jin | J. Dong | Y. Liu | Y.P. Zhang | Q.H. Pan

111. THE STRAWBERRY GENOME IS COMING INTO VIEW

112. USE OF A REFERENCE OCTOPLOID MAP FOR DETECTING HOMOEOLOGOUS QTLS POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN VIABILITY IN THE CULTIVATED STRAWBERRY

113. STUDY ON NEW STRAWBERRY VARIETIES EVALUATED IN SICILY

A. Moncada | G. Caracciolo | C. Prinzivalli | F. D'Anna

114. ADVANCES IN STRAWBERRY BREEDING FOR NORTH OF ITALY

115. THREE NEW ITALIAN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS FOR SOUTHERN AREAS

116. PERFORMANCE OF ITALIAN STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES ON FUMIGATED, NON-FUMIGATED SOILS AND ORGANIC CULTURE

117. ‘TAMIR’ AND ‘HERUT’, TWO NOVEL ISRAELI STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS BRED TO PRODUCE EARLY HIGH QUALITY FRUITS FOR LOCAL AND EUROPEAN MARKETS

118. HERITABILITY STUDIES AND DNA MARKERS FOR POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE IN STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCHESNE)

119. CHARACTERIZATION OF FRAGARIA VESCA – RHIZOCTONIA FRAGARIAE INTERACTION BY GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

D. Gliubizzi | G. Martelli | L. Milella | S. Giordano | I. Greco

120. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DNA METHYLATION ACTIVITY BY GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN FRAGARIA VESCA

G. Martelli | N. Zaccagnino | L. Milella | I. Greco

121. POSTHARVEST BEHAVIOUR OF TRANSGENIC STRAWBERRY WITH POLYGALACTURONASE OR PECTATE LYASE GENES SILENCED

122. GLOBAL CONSERVATION OF STRAWBERRIES: A STRATEGY IS FORMED

K.E. Hummer

123. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF JAPANESE STRAWBERRY SPECIES BASED ON MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

W. Njuguna | N.V. Bassil | K.E. Hummer | C. Richards | T.M. Davis

124. FRUITING PATTERNS OF NORTHERN-ADAPTED STRAWBERRY POPULATIONS IN A MILD SHORT-DAY ENVIRONMENT

A. Dale | C.K. Chandler | S.J. MacKenzie

125. STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES DIFFER IN THEIR RATIO OF SHOOTS TO ROOTS, BASED ON DRY WEIGHT

A.R. Jamieson | C. Kempler

126. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WILD STRAWBERRY GERMPLASM RESOURCE IN CHINA

127. THE STUDY OF THE IRRADIATION EFFECT ON RUNNER PLANTS OF STRAWBERRY WITH ⁶⁰CO-GAMMA RAY

Wu Weimin | Zhao Mizhen | Wang Zhuangwei | Qian Yaming | Yuan Ji

128. GENERAL COMBINING ABILITY OF TEN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS FOR RIPENING TIME, FRUIT QUALITY AND RESISTANCE TO MAIN LEAF DISEASES UNDER POLISH CONDITIONS

A. Masny | E. Zurawicz | W. Mądry

129. PACKAGE OF PRACTICES FOR STRAWBERRY CULTIVATION WITH MODERN TECHNIQUES UNDER NORTH INDIAN PLAINS

R. Singh | R.R. Sharma | A. Kumar | D.B. Singh

130. ‘ICHIGO’ – JAPANESE NAME OF STRAWBERRY – ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL CHANGE OF PHONOGRAM FOR STRAWBERRY IN JAPAN

Y. Oda | K. Nishimura

131. STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION IN SERBIA – THE STATE AND PERSPECTIVES

M. Nikolić | J. Milivojević | M. Ivanović

132. STRAWBERRY INDUSTRY IN CHINA

Shuping Yin | K.D. Larson

133. PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF STRAWBERRY INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN

134. RECENT STATE IN STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH IN CHINA

Y.T. Zhang | G.X. Wang | J. Dong

135. COST ACTION 863 “EUROBERRY RESEARCH: FROM GENOMICS TO SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, QUALITY AND HEALTH”

136. STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION IN PARAGUAY

Z. Nacimiento

137. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF APHIDS WITH CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA ON STRAWBERRY

M. Turquet | J.J. Pommier | M. Piron | E. Lascaux | G. Lorin

138. A STRAWBERRY INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR A COLD CLIMATE, DIRECT-MARKETING REGION

D.T. Handley | J.F. Dill

139. EFFECTS OF TRICHODERMA AND SOIL SOLARIZATION ON PHYTOPHTHORA CACTORUM IN STRAWBERRY FIELDS

M. Porras | C. Barrau | F. Romero

140. RESPONSE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA D.)

K.S. Kirad | S. Barche | D.B. Singh

141. SUCCESSFUL BIO-CONTROL OF THE STRAWBERRY MITE PHYTONEMUS PALLIDUS WITH THE PREDATORY MITE NEOSEIULUS CUCUMERIS IN ORGANIC OUTDOOR PRODUCTION OF STRAWBERRIES (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.) IN SWEDEN

B. Svensson

142. INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL MITE CONTROL AND CONVENTIONAL INSECT CONTROL IN STRAWBERRY

T. Tuovinen | I. Lindqvist | S. Kauppinen | P. Kivijärvi

143. FLORAL INDUCTION DURATION, PLANT ARCHITECTURE AND FRUIT PRODUCTION RELATIONS IN STRAWBERRY CV. ‘CIFLORETTE’

J.PH. Bosc | M.N. Demené

144. EFFECT OF CHILLING AND DAY LENGTH ON RUNNER OF EVERBEARING TYPE STRAWBERRY

M. Hamano | H. Yamazaki | M. Morishita | S. Imada

145. OPTIMISATION OF NITROGEN FERTILISATION PRIOR TO AND DURING FLOWERING PROCESS ON PERFORMANCE OF SHORT DAY STRAWBERRY ‘ELSANTA’

E.M. Desmet | L. Verbraeken | W. Baets

146. EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON FRUIT QUALITY OF POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS

T. Ikeda | K. Yamazaki | H. Kumakura | H. Hamamoto

147. 2007 STRAWBERRY NURSERIES RESULTS ON METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES: WEED CONTROL AND PRODUCTION

148. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND DIGGING DATE ON STRAWBERRY PLANT MATURITY

149. THE STRAWBERRY NURSERY INDUSTRY IN SPAIN: AN UPDATE

150. EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.) RUNNER PLANTS PRODUCTION IN TIERRA DEL FUEGO (54°48’57″S) AND TRANSPLANT YIELD PERFORMANCE IN SUBTROPICAL AREAS OF ARGENTINA

E.E. Miserendino | D.S. Kirschbaum | J.A. Portela

151. THE EFFECTS OF RUNNER GRADE, HARVEST DATE AND PEAT GROWING MEDIA ON STRAWBERRY TRAY PLANT FRUIT PRODUCTION

E. Kehoe | G. Savini | D. Neri

152. PRODUCTIVE AND QUALITATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF FRESH PLANTS PRODUCED IN SICILIAN NURSERIES

153. EFFECT OF TYPE AND SIZE OF STRAWBERRY MOTHER PLANTS ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF DAUGHTER PLANTS

J. Lisiecka

154. EFFECTS OF LATITUDE IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS AND PLANT HARVEST INDEX IN FRESH PLANTS OF STRAWBERRY CV. ‘CAMAROSA’

155. FIELD EVALUATION OF NEWLY IMPORTED STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS PROPAGATED BY MERISTEM CULTURE IN COMPARISON WITH THEIR CONVENTIONALLY RUNNER PROPAGATED PLANTS

A. Nankali | A.V. Azghandi

156. STUDY OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF INICIUM^®, A PRODUCT DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY TO OVERCOME TRANSPLANT STRESS IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS

157. RESPONSE OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS TO SOME GROWTH REGULATORS

M.S.S. El-Shabasi | M.E. Ragab | I.I. El-Oksh | Y.M.M. Osman

158. EFFECT OF COLD STORAGE DURATION ON RUNNER PRODUCTION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN WINTER

G. Watanabe | T. Yanagi | N. Okuda | Y. Saito

159. SHORTENING OF NON-HARVEST PERIOD IN HIGH-BENCH STRAWBERRY FORCING CULTURE BY A SIMPLE CONTROL METHOD OF MEDIUM TEMPERATURE

K. Yamazaki | H. Kumakura | H. Hamamoto

160. GA₃ INFLUENCES INCIDENCE OF FRUIT MALFORMATION, BERRY YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY IN STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.)

R.R. Sharma | R. Singh

161. PLANTING YEAR PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM TREATMENT INCREASES THE CROPPING POTENTIAL AND YIELD OF STRAWBERRY

T. Hytönen | K. Mouhu | I. Koivu | P. Elomaa | O. Junttila

162. ROLC STRAWBERRY PHENOTYPE AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN NO TARGET ORGANISMS

L. Landi | E. Costantini | E. Montironi | B. Mezzetti

163. CHILLING REQUIREMENT OF STRAWBERRY CV. ‘SONATA’ AND ‘FIGARO’

P. Lieten

164. CLIMATE CHANGE AND STRAWBERRY SEASON IN NORWAY

A. Døving

165. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN CARPEL MATURATION AND MISSHAPEN FRUIT IN STRAWBERRY

166. FLOWER BUD FORMATION IN SHORT-DAY STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR UNDER NON-PHOTO INDUCTIVE CONDITIONS

F. Takeda | D.M. Glenn | G.W. Stutte

167. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS ON FLOWER BUD INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF STRAWBERRY &NDASH; POSSIBLE ROLE OF NITROGEN

A. Yamasaki | T. Yano

168. DETERMINING THE RESPONSE OF TEN STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS TO WATER-LIMITED CONDITIONS

169. MANIPULATION OF THE PRODUCTION PATTERN OF EVERBEARING CULTIVARS BY DEFOLIATION TREATMENTS

A.B. Whitehouse | A.W. Johnson | D.W. Simpson

170. LONG-DAY FLOWERING RESPONSE OF EVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES

A. Sønsteby | O.M. Heide

171. PERFORMANCE OF EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS IN A NORDIC CLIMATE

A. Nes | A. Sønsteby | O.M. Heide

172. METABOLIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PROTEOMIC PROFILING OF COLD RESPONSE IN FRAGARIA VESCA

173. STRAWBERRY COLD HARDENING INVESTIGATIONS IN VITRO

V. Luko¿evičiūtė | R. Rugienius | I. Zalunskaite | A. Sasnauskas | V. Stanys

174. THE EFFECT OF GIBBERELIC ACID ON THE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH. ) ‘CHANDLER’ VITROPLANTS

M. Pérez de Camacaro | N. Mogollón | M. Ojeda | A. Giménez | C. Colmenares

175. COMPARISON OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN ‘XINGDU.1’ AND ‘XINGDU.2’ STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS WITH THEIR PARENTS

176. PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM APPLICATIONS TO SUPPRESS RUNNER GROWTH IN STRAWBERRIES GROWN IN A PLASTICULTURE SYSTEM

D.T. Handley | J.F. Dill | R.E. Moran

177. EVALUATION OF BIOSTIMULATING PRODUCTS ON STRAWBERRY IN SOUTHERN ITALY

G. Sarli | A. De Lisi | V. Montesano | D. Schiavone

178. RIP ACTIVITY IN BASIC PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF TISSUE EXTRACTS FROM FRAGARIA × ANANASSA

179. THE USE OF CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ACCLIMATION TEMPERATURES ON STRAWBERRY LEAVES EXPOSED TO MILD FROST DAMAGE

A.Z. Makaraci | J.A. Flore

180. EFFECTS OF LIGHT CONDITIONS AND AIR TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY DURING THE VEGETATIVE STAGE

Y. Miyazawa | S. Hikosaka | E. Goto | T. Aoki

181. INTERACTION EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND SALINITY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS

A. Tehranifar | S. Jamalian | E. Tafazoli | G.H. Davarynejad | S. Eshghi

182. PACLOBUTRAZOL CAN REDUCE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY PLANT

S. Jamalian | A. Tehranifar | E. Tafazoli | S. Eshghi | G.H. Davarynejad

183. ASSESSING THE POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR THE “STRAWBERRY DRIED CALYX DISORDER” IN FLORIDA AND SPAIN

M.B. Santos | C.K. Chandler | A.J. Whidden | M.C. Sánchez

184. FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CALCIUM AND BORON INFLUENCES PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS, FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY (F. × ANANASSA DUCH.)

R. Singh | R.R. Sharma | C.L. Moretti | A. Kumar | R.K. Gupta

185. EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA) FRUIT QUALITY

L.A. Terry | G.A. Chope | J.G. Bordonaba

186. THE LATE SEASON DECLINE IN STRAWBERRY FRUIT SOLUBLE SOLID CONTENT OBSERVED IN FLORIDA IS CAUSED BY RISING TEMPERATURES

S.J. MacKenzie | C.K. Chandler

187. EVALUATION OF POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF STRAWBERRIES IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF BRAZIL

R.F.F. Cantillano | L.E.C. Antunes | L.M. Castañeda | R.O. Treptow

188. ANALYSIS OF AROMA COMPONENTS OF JAPANESE STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS BY GC-O

189. CONTRIBUTION OF BASIC AND CHARACTERISTIC COMPOUNDS TO STRAWBERRY AND CULTIVAR AROMA IN THE JAPANESE STRAWBERRY

190. SENSORIAL ANALYSIS OF STRAWBERRY SUBMITTED TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF IONISING RADIATION

191. VARIATION IN STRAWBERRY MICRONUTRIENTS, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROFILES: THE COMBINED EFFECT OF GENOTYPE AND STORAGE

192. EFFECTS OF STRAWBERRY CONSUMPTION ON PLASMA ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND PARAMETERS OF RESISTANCE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS: PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS

193. STRAWBERRY QUALITY: EFFECT OF CULTIVARS, HARVEST DATE AND STORAGE

M.B. Sousa | T. Curado | M.J. Trigo | F.N. Vasconcelos | T. Nunes

194. ANALYSIS OF TARGET GENES THAT AFFECT THE SOFTENING OF THE CHILEAN STRAWBERRY FRUITS

C.R. Figueroa | R. Herrera | P. Pimentel | P.D.S. Caligari | M.A. Moya-León

195. A NOVEL METHOD USED FOR THE AROMA EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY FRUITS: AROMA EXTRACT DILUTION-STRIP ANALYSIS

196. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS

197. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME FRUIT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWER TYPE IN STRAWBERRY

198. STRAWBERRY AROMA ANALYSIS AS SELECTION TOOL IN BREEDING

D. Ulrich | E. Hoberg | K. Olbricht

199. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE ON STRAWBERRY YIELD, QUALITY AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN CULTIVATION CONDITIONS

E. Krüger | T. Toldam-Anderson | H. Dietrich

200. QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY ‘CAMAROSA’ WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

A.C. Agulheiro-Santos

201. THE INFLUENCE OF HARVEST TIME ON STRAWBERRY FRUIT QUALITY (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.)

E. Mratinić | J. Milivojević

202. INVESTIGATION OF CYANIDIN AND PELARGONIDIN CONTENTS IN THE GENUS FRAGARIA L.

L. Mahoney | T.M. Davis | J. Curran-Celentano

203. YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DAY-NEUTRAL STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS AT THE END OF THE WORLD (USHUAIA, ARGENTINA)

E.E. Miserendino | M. Arena | J.A. Portela

204. EFFECT OF TYPE OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS, CULTIVAR AND TIMING OF THE HARVEST ON THE QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY FRUIT

M. Bartczak | J. Lisiecka | M. Knaflewski

205. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIC CROPPING SYSTEMS ON STRAWBERRY-FRUIT HEALTH COMPONENTS AND FRUIT QUALITY

206. EFFECT OF SILENCING OF CELL WALL DEGRADING ENZYMES ON STRAWBERRY FRUIT SOFTENING

207. QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROCESSED STRAWBERRY FRUITS

A.M. León | P. Torres | C. Sanz | A.G. Pérez

208. QUALITY OF LATE STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

S. Voća | B. Duralija | J. Dru¿ić | N. Dobričević | V. Dragović-Uzelac

209. A NOVEL SOIL FUMIGANT FOR STRAWBERRIES

I. Williams | J.C. Williams | L. Hernández | G. Maya

210. SOLARIZATION AND CHEMICAL PREPLANTING SOIL DISINFECTIONS EFFECTS ON STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION

211. DIMETHYL DISULFIDE, A NEW ALTERNATIVE TO EXISTING FUMIGANTS ON STRAWBERRIES IN FRANCE AND ITALY

J.J. Heller | PH. Sunder | P. Charles | J.J. Pommier | J. Fritsch

212. CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR STRAWBERRY IN THE AREA OF HUELVA (SPAIN): 2002-2007 RESULTS

213. NON-CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR STRAWBERRY: BIOSOLARIZATION AS CASE-STUDY IN HUELVA (SPAIN)

J.J. Medina | L. Miranda | C. Soria | P. Palencia | J.M. López-Aranda

214. ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FOR STRAWBERRY NURSERY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN

215. EFFECT OF BIOFUMIGATION WITH BRASSICA CARINATA AND SOIL SOLARIZATION ON PHYTOPHTHORA SPP. AND STRAWBERRY YIELD

M. Porras | C. Barrau | E. Romero | C. Zurera | F. Romero

216. SOIL SOLARIZATION ENHANCEMENT WITH HIGH TUNNELS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

K.D. Larson

217. ENHANCED EFFICACY OF SOIL DISINFESTATION TREATMENTS WITH 1.3-DICHLOROPROPENE AND CHLOROPICRIN UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS FOR STRAWBERRY MOTHER PLANTS

V. Cebolla | F. Serrano

218. ‘ELSANTA’ AUTUMN CROP PERFORMANCE USING DIFFERENT PLANT TYPES AND PLANTING DATES

M.G. Palha | J.L. Campo | T. Curado | M.B. Sousa | P.B. Oliveira

219. EFFECT OF NH₄⁺ TO NO₃^– RATIO ON GROWTH, YIELD AND ALBINISM DISORDER OF STRAWBERRY

220. PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN SOILLESS STRAWBERRY CROPS: THE ISSUE OF WATER QUALITY

CH. Raynal Lacroix | E. Abarza | F. Verpont | M. Amillet

221. STRATEGIES FOR AUTUMN STRAWBERRY PLANTINGS USING DIFFERENT PLUG PLANT FORMATS IN MILD WINTER CLIMATES

S. López-Galarza | A. San Bautista | A. Martínez | B. Pascual | J.V. Maroto

222. INFLUENCE OF ANION PROPORTIONS IN THE NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON TIPBURN INCIDENCE IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN SOILLESS CULTIVATION

A. San Bautista | S. López-Galarza | A. Martínez | J.V. Maroto | B. Pascual

223. PERSISTENCE OF TRICHODERMA ASPERELLUM POPULATION IN STRAWBERRY SOILLESS CULTURE GROWING SYSTEMS

F. Martínez | F. Flores | E. Vázquez-Ortiz | J. López-Medina

224. EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE CULTURE ON STRAWBERRY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN GREENHOUSE

J. Dong | Y.T. Zhang | G.X. Wang | W.M. Jin

225. EFFECTS OF IN VITRO CULTURE METHODS DURING THE ROOTING STAGE AND LIGHT QUALITY DURING THE SEEDLING STAGE ON THE GROWTH OF HYDROPONIC EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY

S. Hikosaka | K. Sasaki | E. Goto | T. Aoki

226. EFFECT OF CHLORIDE (KCL AND MGCL₂) AND VARIOUS NITROGEN SOURCES ON NUTRIENTS CONCENTRATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANT ORGANS