Home > VII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs > DECORATIVE ALLIUM L. SPECIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Articles

DECORATIVE ALLIUM L. SPECIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Article number

430_129

Pages

809 – 814

Language

Abstract

About 85 Allium species from Central Asia with decorative properties are briefly characterised.
Most of them present pink or red flower colours often with a tendency to lilac or bluish.
Species with pure white or yellow flowers are rare though albinotic forms with whitish flowers can naturally be met with in many species.
Most rare are blue flowering species.
Most taxa should preferably be cultivated in open and sunny places.
Only a few are adapted to shady or damp conditions, while others to desert conditions.

Publication

VII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs

Authors

R.M. Fritsch

Keywords

Full text

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.430.129

Online Articles (134)

2. MODES OF EVOLUTION IN ORNAMENTAL GEOPHYTES

D. Zohary

3. THE HISTORY OF BULB GROWING IN ISRAEL

M.L. Weijel

4. THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWER BULBS AND BULB-FLOWERS: AN UPDATE SINCE 1992

P.M. Boonekamp

5. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN TULIP

A. Douwe de Boer | P.A. Balk | P.L. Rietveld

6. EXPRESSION OF INVERTASES IN LILIUM LONGIFLORUM FLOWER BUDS

A.P. Ranwala | W.B. Miller

7. TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE EFFECTS ON TUBER GROWTH OF SANDERSONIA AURANTIACA

I.R. Brooking | L.J. Davies | J.L. Catley | E.A. Halligan

8. COMPETITION BETWEEN SPROUT AND DAUGHTER BULBS FOR CARBOHYDRATES IN TULIP AS AFFECTED BY MOTHER BULB SIZE AND CYTOKININS

J.M. Franssen | P.G.J.M. Voskens

9. UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION AND FRACTIONATION OF NITROGEN IN NARCISSUS ORGANS BY USING ¹⁵N

S. Ruamrungsri | S. Ruamrungsri | T. Ikarashi | T. Ohyama

10. ETHYLENE AS A PROMOTER FOR FLOWER INDUCTION AND DORMANCY BREAKING IN SOME FLOWER BULBS

H. Imanishi

11. EFFECT OF OCTANOIC ACID ON ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY OF DUTCH IRIS BULBS

C.S. Whitehead | M.-L. Botha | A.H. Halevy

12. THE INVOLVEMENT OF GA_4/7 IN GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF TULIP CV. APELDOORN

H. Franssen | P. Voskens | C. van der Hulst | W. de Munk

13. STEM ELONGATION AND FLOWERING RESPONSE OF TULIPA CULTIVARS AS INFLUENCED BY BULB COOLING. GROWTH REGULATORS AND LIGHT QUALITY

J.K. Suh

14. FORMATION OF PARROT-LIKE FLOWERS AFTER TREATMENT OF NON-PARROT TULIP BULBS WITH BENZYLADENINE BEFORE FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT

M. Saniewski | K. Mynett | J. Puchalski

15. FRUCTAN METABOLISM IN GEOPHYTES

W.B. Miller | G. Legnani | A.P. Ranwala | M.B. Hardin

16. HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TULIP STEMS DURING GUM FORMATION INDUCED BY METHYL JASMONATE

M. Saniewski | B. Dyki

17. ZEPHYRA ELEGANS D. DON., A POTENTIAL NEW CORMOUS CROP

H.H. Kim | K. Sakaguchi | K. Ohkawa

18. INFLORESCENCE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN CYRTANTHUS ELATUS

M.M. Slabbert

19. EMBRYOGENESIS AND SEED GERMINATION OF NERINE

N.R. Brown | R.K. Crowden | J.R. Gorst

20. INFLORESCENCE OF ALLIUM SPECIES (SUBGENUS MELANOCROMMYUM): STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

R. Kamenetsky

21. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BULB AND INFLORESCENCE IN OUTDOOR GROWN NERINE SARNIENSIS

J. Vishnevetsky | N. Azizbekova | M. Ziv | H. Lilien-Kipnis

22. IMPROVING FLOWERING RATES IN NERINE BOWDENII BY MODERATING SUMMER TEMPERATURES

R. Shillo | A. Ronen | J. Muchnik | M. Zaccai

23. OBSERVATION OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN FREESIA AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

T. Motozu | Y. Takatsu

24. PREDICTING THE FLOWERING DATE OF ORNITHOGALUM THYRSOIDES (JACQ.)

P.J. Jansen van Vuuren

25. TECHNOLOGIES FOR FORCING FLOWER BULBS

A.A. De Hertogh

26. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF FLOWERING IN LILIUM

H.F. Wilkins | J.M. Dole

27. STUDIES ON THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF PATHOGEN-INDEXED ASIATIC LILY BULBS IN THE UNITED STATES

28. FREEZING NON-VERNALIZED ASIATIC LILY BULBS FOLLOWED BY FLOWER INDUCTION/INITIATION

J.F. Tammen | O.B. Nissen

29. INDUCING OUT OF SEASON BLOOMING OF SUMMER-FLOWERING BULBS

R. Shillo

30. MODIFICATION OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING HABIT IN ORNITHOGALUM SPECIES UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

R. Shillo | A. Ronen | Z. Muchnik | E. Mathan | R. Moldavsky

31. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, THE CONSEQUENCES FOR DUTCH BULB PRODUCTION

C.O.N. De Vroomen

32. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED BULB PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

C.O.N. De Vroomen | R. Stokkers

33. BULB PRODUCTION OF NERINE BOWDENII AND YEAR ROUND STORAGE

N.P.A. Groen | B.J. Kok

34. THE EFFECTS OF SCALE INCUBATION TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS ON NUMBER AND GROWTH OF REGENERATED BULBLETS, TO REDUCE PRODUCTION TIME OF COMMERCIAL LILY BULBS

A. Grassotti

35. BASIC FORCING REQUIREMENTS FOR ISRAELI-GROWN ORNITHOGALUM DUBIUM

A.A. De Hertogh | L. Gallitano

36. ACONITUM: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND TUBER PRODUCTION

G. Luria | A. Borochov | A.A. Watad

37. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT AND FERTILIZATION STRATEGY IN LIATRIS CALLILEPIS

F. Schiappacasse | J. Hirzel | E. Ruz

38. THE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO BREEDING, PROPAGATION AND DISEASE RESISTANCE IN GEOPHYTES

M. Ziv

39. EMBRYOGENESIS FROM ISOLATED MICROSPORES OF TULIP; TOWARDS DEVELOPING F₁ HYBRID VARIETIES

J.B.M. Custers | E. Ennik | W. Eikelboom | J.J.M. Dons | M.M. van Lookeren Campagne

40. BULB GROWTH IN LILY REGENERATED IN VITRO

41. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN TULIP

H. Gude | M.H.G.E. Dijkema

42. AN EFFICIENT IN VITRO CLONAL PROPAGATION METHOD FOR ACONITUM NAPELLUS

M. Kochba | V. Gaba | A. Nissim | A.A. Watad

43. EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY AND CARBOHYDRATES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS L. CULTURES IN VITRO

A. Bach | B. Pawlowska

44. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF LILY

S.A. Langeveld | S. Marinova | M.M. Gerrits | A.F.L.M. Derks | P.M. Boonekamp

45. SELECTIVE AGENTS AND MARKER GENES FOR USE IN GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF GLADIOLUS GRANDIFLORUS AND TULIPA GESNERIANA

J.E. Chauvin | H. Hamann | J. Cohat | M. Le Nard

46. LILY REGENERATIVE CALLUS AND CELL CULTURES FOR TRANSFORMATION

A. Tribulato | P.C. Remotti | H.J.M. Löffler

47. BUD CLUSTER PROLIFERATION IN BIOREACTOR CULTURES OF ORNITHOGALUM DUBIUM

M. Ziv | H. Lilien-Kipnis

48. IMPROVED PROTOCOL FOR THE PROPAGATION OF NARCISSUS IN VITRO

M. Langens-Gerrits | S. Nashimoto

49. IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTING MATERIAL OF DAFFODILS

D. Sochacki | T. Orlikowska | T. Malinowski | A. Marasek

50. PROPAGATION OF TULIP IN VITRO

A.-M. Kuijpers | M. Langens-Gerrits

51. REGENERATION OF PLANTLETS AND BULBLETS FROM EXPLANTS AND CALLUS OF ALLIUM AFLATUNENSE CULTIVARS AND SELECTION FROM INDIGENOUS ISRAELI ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM

D. Evenor | A. Levi-Nissim | L. Afgin | H. Lilien-Kipnis | A.A. Watad

52. BULBLET REGENERATION IN VITRO FROM DIFFERENT EXPLANTS OF FRITILLARIA IMPERIALIS

M. Witomska | A.J. Lukaszewska

53. THE USE OF MORPHOGENIC SUSPENSION CULTURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOPLAST REGENERATION SYSTEM IN LILY

54. SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN LILY AFTER IN VITRO CULTIVATION

M.J. van Harmelen | H.J.M. Löffler | J.M. van Tuyl

55. PROPAGATION OF SPECIALTY BULBS BY CHIPPING

P.J. van Leeuwen | J.A. van der Weijden

56. IMPROVING HIPPEASTRUM PROPAGATION AND BULBIL YIELD BY CUTTING AND INCUBATION TECHNIQUES

57. A TWO-YEAR PRODUCTION CYCLE OF ISRAELI-GROWN HIPPEASTRUM BULBS FROM BULB CHIPPING TO CHRISTMAS FLOWERING

D. Sandler-Ziv | A. Cohen | A. Ion | H. Efron | D. Amit

58. LEAF CUTTING PROPAGATION, GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF LACHENALIA

J.K. Suh | M.S. Roh | J.S. Lee

59. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF NERINE BULBS BY CROSS-CUTTING

G. Mori | H. Hirai | H. Imanishi

60. FARM MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FOR TULIP BULB PRODUCTION

C.O.N. De Vroomen

61. SENESCENCE IN FLOWERS OF GEOPHYTES

M. Reid

62. EFFECT OF STS ON THE KEEPING QUALITY AND CARBON ECONOMY OF MINI-GLADIOLUS SPIKES

S. Meir | Y. Huang | Y. Reuveni | S. Philosoph-Hadas | A. Schaffer

63. SENESCENCE IN IRIS; IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS

C. Pak | A. Douwe de Boer | W.G. van Doorn

64. REGULATION OF THE GRAVITROPIC RESPONSE OF CUT ORNITHOGALUM ‘NOVA’ SPIKES DURING STORAGE AND TRANSPORT IN HORIZONTAL POSITION

S. Philosoph-Hadas | S. Meir | I. Rosenberger | A.H. Halevy

65. ABSCISIC ACID IN RELATION TO DROUGHT-STRESS IN CUT TULIPS

J.M. Franssen | P.G.J.M. Voskens | D. Cikánek

66. DORMANCY AND STORAGE OF GEOPHYTES

A. Borochov | H. Spiegelstein | D. Weiss

67. MONITORING THE COLD REQUIREMENT IN TULIP BULBS BY ¹H-NMR IMAGING

68. EFFECTS OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND DURATION ON DORMANCY AND FLOWERING OF VELTHEIMIA BRACTEATA

P.J. van Leeuwen | J.A. van der Weijden

69. EFFECTS OF STORAGE AND TIME ON FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENT, EMERGENCE AND FLOWERING OF LEUCOCORYNE COQUIMBENSIS. PHIL.

K. Ohkawa | E. Nitta | Y. Fukawaza | H.H. Kim

70. DORMANCY BREAKING IN LILY BULBLETS REGENERATED IN VITRO: EFFECTS ON GROWTH AFTER PLANTING

71. EFFECT OF ETHEPHON PRETREATMENT ON LAST INTERNODE ELONGATION OF CUT TULIPA FLOWERS

J.K. Suh | A.K. Lee

72. EFFECT OF SEVERAL PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS ON LONGEVITY AND MICROORGANISMS OF CUT LILIUM SPECIES

J.K. Suh | J.H. Kim

73. IMPROVING KEEPING QUALITIES OF NERINE CUT FLOWERS WITH PRESERVATIVES

A.J. Lukaszewska

74. FACTORS DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF TULIPS

H.P. Pasterkamp

75. ABA LEVELS IN THE DIFFERENT ORGANS OF DRY-STORED TULIP BULBS (CV. APELDOORN) DURING 5°C COLD- OR 17°C CONTROL-TREATMENT

J.M. Franssen | P.G.J.M. Voskens

76. INDUCING FREEZING TOLERANCE IN NARCISSUS BULBS BY GROWTH RETARDANTS

V. Cohen | A. Borochov | S. Philosoph-Hadas

77. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION OF FLOWER BULBS: A REVIEW

J.M. van Tuyl

78. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN FLOWER BULBS

Th.P. Straathof | H.J.M. Löffler | E.J.A Roebroeck | C.A. Linfield

79. SCREENING FOR TBV-RESISTANCE IN SEEDLING POPULATIONS OF TULIPA L.

Th.P. Straathof | W. Eikelboom | J.M. Van Tuyl | D. Peters

80. DOMINANT EXPRESSION OF VIGOR AND HEAT TOLERANCE OF LILIUM LONGIFLORUM GERMPLASM IN DISTANT HYBRIDIZATION WITH ASIATIC AND ORIENTAL LILIES

S.W. Chin | C.E. Kuo | J.J. Liou | C.T. Shii

81. BREEDING OF ANEMONE CORANARIA TETRAPLOID HYBRIDS

Y. Jacob | R. Barrade | M.J. Marquier | E. Botton

82. STUDIES ON GLADIOLUS RESISTANCE TO TRANSVERSE RUST

G.M. Littlejohn | L.M. Blomerus

83. POSSIBILITY OF MUTAGENESIS IN TIGRIDA PLANTS

A. Przybyla | H. Torres Navarro

84. NUCLEOTYPE REMODELING IN INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION OF LYCORIS AUREA HERB. AND LYCORIS RADIATA HERB.

C.T. Shii | J.F. Lee | M.S. Yuan | S.W. Chin

85. TRANSGENIC LILIES VIA POLLEN-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION

86. BREEDING FOR LATE FLOWERING IN ASIATIC LILIES

K. Mynett

87. INTERSPECIFIC LILY HYBRIDS: A PROMISE FOR THE FUTURE

J.M. van Tuyl | H.S. Chi | B.C.M. van Kronenburg | B. Meijer

88. OVERCOMING INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BARRIER IN ORNITHOGALUM BY APPLICATION OF NAA TO THE OVARY

H. Ge | R. Shillo | S. Wenkart | D. Mills | J. Chen

89. APPLICATION OF THREE POLLINATION TECHNIQUES AND OF HORMONE TREATMENTS FOR OVERCOMING INTERSPECIFIC CROSSING BARRIERS IN TULIPA

M.G.M. van Creij | D.M.F.J. Kerckhoffs | J.M. van Tuyl

90. EVALUATION OF ORNITHOGALUM GENEBANK ACCESSIONS

G.M. Littlejohn | L.M. Blomerus

91. POST-HARVEST SELECTION OF TULIP BULBS

K. Fatel

92. BREEDING AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING POSTHARVEST QUALITY CHARACTERS OF LILY AND TULIP FLOWERS

J.J.M. van der Meulen-Muisers | J.C. van Oeveren | J.M. van Tuyl

93. PROSPECTS FOR THE CONTROL OF BULB PESTS AND DISEASES IN A WORLD CONCERNED WITH PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

J. van Aartrijk

94. EFFECTS OF FLOODING, SOIL FUMIGATION, AND COMPOSTED ORGANIC HOUSEHOLD WASTE ON PYTHIUM ROOT ROT IN BULBOUS IRIS

G.J. van Os | W.J.M. van Gulik | J.P.M. Wijnker

95. PRIMARY SOURCES OF INOCULUM OF BOTRYTIS ELLIPTICA IN LILY

J.E. van den Ende | M.G. Pennock-Vos

96. VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY, MORPHOLOGY AND CONIDIAL AGGLUTINATION OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. NARCISSI AND RESISTANCE TO BASAL ROT IN NARCISSUS

C.A. Linfield

97. IN–VITRO SELECTION FOR FUSARIUM-RESISTANCE IN GLADIOLUS

P.C. Remotti | M.J. van Harmelen | H.J.M. Löffler

98. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL IN U.K. NARCISSUS GROWING: SOME ASPECTS OF RECENT RESEARCH

G.R. Hanks | C.A. Linfield

99. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BULB MITE RHIZOGLYPHUS ROBINI BY THE PREDATORY MITE HYPOASPIS ACULEIFER ON LILIES: IMPLEMENTATION IN PRACTICE

C.G.M. Conijn | K. Altena | I. Lesna

100. INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF THRIPS-BORNE TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN DAHLIA IN THE NETHERLANDS

C.J. Asjes | G.J. Blom-Barnhoorn

101. DETECTABILITY OF VIRUSES IN LILY BULBS DEPENDS ON VIRUS, HOST AND STORAGE CONDITIONS

A.F.L.M. Derks | M.E.C. Lemmers | Th.C. Hollinger

102. MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF POTYVIRUSES IN DUTCH STOCKS OF NARCISSUS

103. PATHOVAR-SPECIFIC DETECTION OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS IN HYACINTHS

J. van Doorn | T.A. Hollinger | P.M. Boonekamp

104. EXSYS, AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSING FLOWER BULB DISEASES

M.A. Kramers | C.G.M. Conijn | C. Bastiaansen

105. A DISEASE-FORECASTING SYSTEM OF BOTRYTIS BLIGHT (‘FIRE’) IN LILY

106. PESTICIDE USE PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF ORNAMENTAL BULB CROPS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

G.A. Chastagner

107. STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE WEED CONTROL IN THE FUTURE

108. GROWTH AND CONTROL OF RORIPPA SYLVESTRIS

A.Th.J. Koster | L.J. van der Meer | M. van Muijen

109. EFFECT OF PEELING OF TULIP BULBS ON PYTHIUM TRANSMISSION FROM FIELD INTO GREENHOUSE

A.S. van Bruggen | T.L.J. Duineveld

110. CONTROL OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER IN HYACINTHS

P.J.M. Vreeburg

111. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DURATION OF HOT-WATER TREATMENT OF AMARYLLIS BULBS (HIPPEASTRUM)

J.C. Doorduin

112. INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF VIRUSES IN GLADIOLUS IN THE NETHERLANDS

C.J. Asjes

113. DETECTION OF TOSPOVIRUSES IN BULBOUS CROPS AND THEIR TRANSMISSIBILITY BY VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A.F.L.M. Derks | M.E.C. Lemmers

114. FUSARIUM RESISTANCE IN GLADIOLUS: EFFECTS OF PLANT MATERIAL AND TESTING CONDITIONS ON THE INFECTION OF CULTIVARS

P.C.L. Van Rijbroek | H.J.M. Löffler | F.A. Van Eeuwijk | Th.P. Straathof | A.M. van der Lans

115. INTRODUCTION AND SELECTION OF IXIOLIRION TATARICUM FOR CULTURE IN ISRAEL

H. Efron | A. Cohen

116. SANDERSONIA AURANTIACA: A NEW CROP WITH ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

W.F. Doreen

117. EFFECTS OF PRODUCTION METHODS ON SANDERSONIA CUT STEM QUALITY AND DAUGHTER TUBER SIZE

G.E. Clark | J.L. Reyngoud

118. SANDERSONIA: EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND TUBER PRODUCTION

119. COMMERCIAL PROPAGATION OF SNOWDROPS (GALANTHUS ELWESII HOOK.) IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

N. Arslan | M. Koyuncu | T. Ekim

120. CURCUMA ALISMATIFOLIA. I. PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND THE EFFECT OF TUBEROUS ROOT NUMBER ON FLOWERING DATE AND YIELD OF INFLORESCENCES

A. Hagiladi | X.-H. Yang | N. Umiel | Z. Gilad

121. CURCUMA ALISMATIFOLIA. II. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DAYLENGTH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERS AND PROPAGULES

A. Hagiladi | N. Umiel | X.-H. Yang

122. PRODUCTION OF LACHENALIA BULBS

F. Roodbol | F. Hancke

123. ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND TAXONOMY: INTRODUCTION

R.J. Bogers

124. BULBS, BIODIVERSITY AND BUSINESS

H.N. McGough

125. DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSERVATION AND PROPAGATION OF FLOWERBULBS NATIVE TO TURKEY

T. Ekim | N. Arslan | M. Koyuncu

126. THE RARE AND ENDANGERED MORAEAS OF THE WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

G.D. Duncan

127. GEOPHYTES OF THE NEGEV AS A GENETIC SOURCE FOR ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS, CUT FLOWERS AND POT PLANTS

Y. Gutterman

128. DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION OF WILD GEOPHYTES ALONG AN ARIDITY GRADIENT IN ISRAEL

O. Fragman | A. Shmida

129. SOMATIC EVOLUTION IN THE GENUS ALLIUM: ECOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS

R. Kamenetsky

130. DECORATIVE ALLIUM L. SPECIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

R.M. Fritsch

131. STORAGE METHODS TO MAINTAIN A TULIP COLLECTION

F.J.M. Bonnier | W. Eikelboom | J.M. van Tuyl

132. THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS TULIPA L.

L.W.D. Van Raamsdonk | W. Eikelboom | T. De Vries | Th.P. Straathof

133. VARIATION IN DNA-CONTENT IN THE GENUS LILIUM

J.M. van Tuyl | E. Boon

134. MEASUREMENT OF COLOUR VARIATION OF TULIP FLOWERS GROWN IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

M. Le Nard | E. Biot